Chinese sociologist Pan Guangdan has documented acceptance of same-sex relationships in China going back thousands of years, suggesting that tolerance for LGBTs may be coming full circle in the People’s Republic of China.
Pan made the discovery while translating the 1933 Havelock Ellis book Psychology of Sex from English into Chinese.
Ellis was the first person to author a medical textbook on homosexuality and the book inspired Pan to see what evidence there was for homosexuality in Chinese historical documents.
The earliest mention Pan found was in chronicles from the Shang Dynasty (1600 BC-1046 BC) where sex between men and youths was one of ten criminal acts that court officials could be punished for.
However in the following Zhou Dynasty (1046 BC-256 BC) homosexuality appears to have become more acceptable, with a common proverb reading, ‘Good-looking males can distract emperors from the wisdom of old intellects.’
Pan found another story in the Spring and Autumn Annals of the State of Lu covering the years 722 BC – 481 BC called ‘The Pleasant Hug From Behind,’ in which a handsome man threatens to kill an official who admires him but is advised by a sage that it is wrong to kill someone who admires you.
Instead the man decided to let the official ‘hug him from behind.’
Pan found evidence that almost every emperor of China during the Western Han Dynasty (206 BC-24 AD) was believed to have had male lovers.
A popular story about the Emperor Ai (27 BC-1 BC) told how he cut off his sleeve to avoid waking his lover Dong Xian, leading to the term ‘sleeve-slicing affection’ for same-sex relationship – a euphemism still used in China to this day.
During the Sui, Tang and Yuan dynasties (AD 581- AD 1386) mentions of homosexuality fade from official records but continue to appear in novels - but then during the Jin Dynasty (1115 AD-1234 AD) return as it appears that same-sex relationships had become common among the upper classes.
Following the Yuan Dynasty in the Ming and Qing dynasties (1368 AD -1911 AD) homosexual characters were popular in novels, and during the Qing the first Chinese language book with a gay protagonist, ‘Treasury of Flower Appreciation,’ was written.
During the Qing Dynasty it was even believed there was a specific god who looked after gay men – the rabbit god Hu Tianbao.
Around this time the Chinese also began to recognize the existence of lesbian relationships and in China’s Southern provinces it became acceptable for female couples to move in together to form a household.
Pan’s findings have been published as an appendix to his Chinese language edition of Ellis’ Psychology of Sex.
Comments
For Louis Vuitton 2013, Everyone knows the iconic Louis Vuitton Handbags, and everyone also knows that Louis Vuitton updates this coveted classic with each season.
Explore the latest women's bag collections exclusively available at http://pinterest.com/louisvuittonlv/. Louis Vuitton Spring Summer 2013 Show your fashion style now!
A growing number of musicians are making their music available for licensing on royalty free music websites like MusicRevolution.com.
Lots of interesting topics that you're post shared. It's true that during the Zhou Dynasty homosexuality emerge to have become more admissable. Within Ming and Qing dynasties homosexual are very famous in novels. Thanks for this ideas.
"Corals at keppel bay"
Corals At Keppel Bay
d'prestine
D'pristine
has looked into other unions, most recently with Valeant Pharmaceuticals International Inc. VRX but those talks never went anywhere.Warner, meanwhile, started looking at possible bidders a year Michael Kors Purses ago and Actavis was considered at the time. But Warner decided to renew a share-buyback program and pay a special dividend.The city of Richmond, Calif., wants to lawyer up against Chevron Corp. CVX after a Michael Kors Bags refinery fire in August that sent 15,000 residents to area hospitals, the Contra Costa Times reported.The city wants to hire San Francisco-based Cotchett, Pitre & McCarthy LLP, the same law firm that represented San Bruno, Calif., Michael Kors Purses residents in litigation against Pacific Gas & Electric for a gas-line rupture and explosion in 2010. Eight people died in that accident.
has made a name for himself by targeting Chinese companies he has accused of dubious Michael Kors accounting practices.On Twitter, attendees said Block announced he was betting against Standard Chartered by shorting five-year credit default swaps, or CDS, on the bank’s debt. CDS are instruments used to insure against default on debt and Michael Kors Outlet Online can also serve as a vehicle to speculate on declining or improving credit quality.A spokeswoman for Standard Chartered didn’t immediately respond to a phone call seeking comment. There was little movement by Standard Chartered CDS, with Michael Kors Handbags the spread on the five-year instruments widening by just one basis point to 91 from 90 on Thursday, according to data firm Markit.
in part as a result of backlash from both chicken issues there, even though Michael Kors Outlet its suppliers were not affected.Yum said it began seeing signs of a recovery from the chicken quality michael kors outlet online issues in February and March, before news of the bird flu outbreak hit in early April.Despite its struggles, Yum continues expanding rapidly in China. It has roughly 5,500 restaurants in China, most of which are KFC locations, and it expects to add about 700 more there this year. At the end of 2012, Yum reported having about 39,000 locations globally.Yum Michael Kors Handbags Outlet is investing in more value-oriented deals and stepping up its social media monitoring in hopes of attracting more customers and repairing its brand image.
I have express a few of the articles on your website now, and I really like your style of blogging. I added it to my favorite’s blog site list and will be checking back soon…
Visit: tu van dau tu nuoc ngoai, cong bo thuc pham, thiet ke website,
The specific 17th Physician Common on the U. Utes. cheap ray ban sunglasses, Vibrant Carmona, in addition earned this GED abilities, cheap ray-ban sunglasses uk as did ex - Ough. Utes. Provides a person's desired star earned a GED graduation or perhaps level http://www.cheapsunglassesstyle.co.uk?
wholesale mac cosmetics is an experienced mac cosmetics supplier and mac cosmetics wholesale manufacturer since mac makeup wholesale 2004.
I was actually going through the nice helpful tips, Your valuable key points implies much a person like me and my friends recommended us to read more on your posts how to become a police officer
Its great to come across a blog every once in a while, Anyhow I am here now and would just like to say thanks a lot for a tremendous post and a all round exciting blog. Please do keep up the awesome job cpr classes fort lauderdale florida
Commented here because want to let you know that I like visiting your blog, I love the information you provide to your readers here and can't wait to read more and more because it's addicted reliable nyc moving brooklyn
I am always searching online for new articles that can impressing me and It is definitely worth it to appreciate your blogging skills and high quality writing. Your blog post will be very beneficial for everyone, I believe that rumah minimalis
Its great to come across a blog every once in a year, Your weblog has such an awesome theme/design and providing a lot of essential posts. Im thoroughly enjoying the smart way you write articles in this resource motorlu kurye
Playing with all the pieces here in my mind was very useful. And this has been one outstanding blog to visit, It is definitely worthed to appreciate your high quality blogging skills get a passport fast
first comment, I must say that the articles in this blog are very interesting to read. The second, new topic in this post makes your site more reasonable to get appreciated from the people classic style motorcycle
I notify you have provided us with many essential articles and this is the first place where I find issues and topics I've been searching for interior decoration
Surely looking forward to another great posts in this magazine. This blog is the first place that help me find this information. I must say I enjoyed reading it Mobiles & Gadgets
Through this post, we know that your good knowledge in playing with all the pieces was very helpful. You have a clever yet attractive way of writing. Obviously interesting to read. Qualified post indeed. It's very helpful for writing this valuable info iPhone Screen Repair Salt Lake
Coach Handbags
with my parents
cheap burberry handbags
house for the summer
wholesale designer purses
preparing for the university
coach outlet online
and was in no hurry
coach outlet coach
interfered with my freedom
cheap designer bags
parting with my last tutor
cheap designer purses
never been able to get
furla handbags
that he had fallen
gucci handbags
sluggishly in bed with
gucci wallet
exasperation on his face
hermes handbags
with careless kindness
jimmy choo handbags
though she had no
cheap juicy couture handbags
cares completely
juicy couture wallet
young and very handsome
cheap louis vuitton bags
her from mercenary
cheap louis vuitton wallet
ten years older than
mk purses
was for ever agitated
mk wallet
very much afraid of him
prada handbags
never seen a man more
prada wallet
at the country house.
roberto cavalli handbags
we left town on the
louis vuitton outlet
about in our garden
louis vuitton bags
beyond the town gates
louis vuitton belts
often than anythingt
louis vuitton store
a great deal of
Louis Vuitton Damier bags
and my heart ached
handbags louis vuitton
hope and anticipation
louis vuitton sunglasses
frightened of something
louis vuitton louis vuitton handbags
wonder at everything
louis vuitton wallets
imagination played continually
outlet louis vuitton
about the same fancies
louis vuitton handbags
the tears and through
louis vuitton purses bags
inspired by a musical verse
louis vuitton men bags
in spring the delicious
louis vuitton monogram bags
and effervescent
louis vuitton bags handbag
gallop and fancy
purses louis vuitton
my face towards
cheap louis vuitton
its shining radiance
louis vuitton purses
that time the image
louis vuitton sale
arose in definite shape
bags louis vuitton
presentiment of something new
louis vuitton louis vuitton purses
settled for the summer
louis vuitton bags purses
in the lodge on
louis vuitton wallet
for the manufacture
coach purses
once strolled that way
cheap handbags purses
at about a dozen thin
cheap handbags and purses
boys with greasy smocks
outlet coach online
jumping on to wooden
coach online outlet
pressed down the square
cheap coach purses
blocks of the press
coach purses outlet
struck off the variegated
cheap purses and handbags
lodge on the right
cheap purses handbags
and was to let
purses and handbags cheap
lodge were drawn up
cheap gucci bags
had installed themselves
purses handbags wholesale
inquired of the butler
wholesale purses handbags
hearing the name of
wholesale handbags purses
observed with some respect
handbags purses wholesale
three hired flies
handbags and purses wholesale
he handed a dish
cheap louis vuitton handbags
their own carriage
wholesale purses and handbags
so much the better
china handbags
not be a rich woman
china purses
so dilapidated and small
prada bags
have consented to
purses from china
went in at one ear and
bags from china
had just been reading
Several buses are available near Bartley Road and Upper Paya Lebar Road along with shopping centers and restaurants. Bartley Ridge is also near to Nex Shopping Centre as well as the buzzling Toa Payoh area. Entertainment for your loved ones and friends is therefore at your fingertips with the full condo facilities as well as the amenities in Bartley.
Bartley Ridge